Manages radio transmissions over the air interface (Um interface) using a combination of FDMA and TDMA .
Used by network operators to monitor and control the overall system, including performance and maintenance tasks. Protocol Stack GSM – Architecture, Protocols and Services
Handles the radio link with mobile devices. It includes the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) , which contains the radio transmitters and receivers, and the Base Station Controller (BSC) , which manages radio resources and handovers for multiple BTSs. Manages radio transmissions over the air interface (Um
The central node for call routing and management. It includes the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) ,
GSM uses a layered protocol structure for communication between the mobile station and the network:
Uses the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) to store unique identity information. Security is maintained through a challenge-response authentication mechanism and over-the-air encryption using algorithms like A5.
Handles authentication, security, and location tracking.
