This term refers to the diplomatic and military competition between European powers (Russia, Britain, France, and Austria) over the fate of the Ottoman territories.
: Sought access to the Mediterranean through the Black Sea straits (Bosphorus and Dardanelles). This term refers to the diplomatic and military
Towards the end of the century, a group of young, Western-educated officers and intellectuals—the —emerged. They advocated for a constitutional monarchy and more radical modernization to prevent the total collapse of the state. Key Vocabulary for This Section Sultan : The supreme ruler of the Ottoman Empire. They advocated for a constitutional monarchy and more
: Modernize the army, improve the legal system, and grant equal rights to all subjects regardless of religion. During the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire, once
During the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire, once a dominant global power, faced internal decay and external pressure from European nations. This period is often referred to as the era of the "Sick Man of Europe." 1. Internal Crisis and Fragmentation
: While some modernization occurred, the reforms were often met with resistance from conservative religious leaders and failed to stop the empire's territorial losses. 4. The Young Turk Movement