Uchebnik 8 Klassa Kosulina Konspekt 14 Paragrafa -

This group included artisans, small shopkeepers, and low-level employees. They paid the poll tax, provided recruits for the army, and were subject to corporal punishment. Summary of Change

The beginning of the 19th century saw a slow transition. While the estate system remained rigid, the under Alexander I was a first, though small, step toward allowing serfs to buy their freedom, signaling that the old social order was beginning to crack. uchebnik 8 klassa kosulina konspekt 14 paragrafa

The nobility ( dvoryanstvo ) was the "support of the throne" and the only group allowed to own inhabited land (serfs). While the estate system remained rigid, the under

A unique military estate that guarded the empire's borders. In exchange for military service, they held land and remained free from taxes. Urban Dwellers ( Meschane ) In exchange for military service, they held land

The merchant class was divided into three based on their wealth:

Status passed from parents to children.