By the late 1700s, hulls were "copper-bottomed." This involved nailing thin sheets of copper over the wood to prevent the growth of barnacles and the destructive Teredo navalis (shipworm), which could otherwise eat through a hull in months. Structural Innovation: The Diagonal Truss
The was the ship's backbone, usually a massive piece of elm or oak. From this, the sternpost and stem rose to define the profile. The frames (ribs) were then attached to the keel. In the 18th century, the "Great Age of Sail" saw ships like the HMS Victory utilize over 6,000 trees for a single hull, creating a structure thick enough to absorb the impact of 32-pounder cannonballs. The Skin: Planking and Caulking Wooden Warship Construction: A History in Ship ...
The evolution of wooden warships is a saga of engineering mastery, where the limitations of organic materials met the brutal demands of naval warfare. From the sleek galleys of antiquity to the towering "wooden walls" of the 19th century, the history of ship construction is a testament to human ingenuity. The Foundation: Selection of Timber By the late 1700s, hulls were "copper-bottomed
As ships grew larger, they faced the problem of "hogging"—the tendency for the heavy bow and stern to sag while the middle of the ship rose. In the early 1800s, British naval architect revolutionized construction by introducing diagonal bracing. This turned the ship’s hull into a rigid girder, allowing wooden ships to reach lengths previously thought impossible. The Twilight of Wood The frames (ribs) were then attached to the keel
Often used in the British East Indies for its extreme durability and natural oils, making it almost impervious to wood-boring worms.
To make the hull watertight, shipwrights hammered "oakum" (old, tar-soaked rope fibers) into the seams between planks.
Once the skeleton was set, it was covered in heavy oak planking. These planks were often steamed to make them pliable enough to follow the ship’s curves.