: This community of microbes is specifically responsible for product synthesis and metabolic functions, such as substrate utilization [18, 19].

: It is highly compatible with a variety of biomaterials [29].

: The succession and activity of these microbes are primarily driven by environmental factors like moisture, acidity, and humidity in early stages, while oxygen content becomes critical during middle stages [18, 19].

Fused Filament Fabrication Method is the most common 3D printing technology, involving the melting and extrusion of thermoplastic filaments layer-by-layer [29].

In the study of microbial fermentation (such as the production of Daqu for traditional spirits), "FFFM" often refers to the [18, 19].

: It is widely used for creating complex structures and is generally considered easy to operate compared to other bioprinting methods [29].

Feeding Your Baby Solid Food - Nationwide Children's Hospital

: FFFM typically shows a more complex interaction network and higher metabolic levels compared to alcohol-specific microbiota (AFM) [19].